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ADE7759
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
ADE7759 also includes an on-chip temperature sensor. A
temperature measurement can be made by setting Bit 5 in the
mode register. When Bit 5 is set logic high in the mode register, the
ADE7759 will initiate a temperature measurement on the next
zero crossing. When the zero crossing on Channel 2 is de-
tected, the voltage output from the temperature sensing
circuit is connected to ADC1 (Channel 1) for digitizing. The
resultant code is processed and placed in the temperature
register (TEMP[7:0]) approximately 26 μ s later (24 CLKIN
cycles). If enabled in the interrupt enable register (Bit 5), the
IRQ output will go active low when the temperature conversion
is finished. Note that temperature conversion will introduce a
small amount of noise in the energy calculation. If temperature
conversion is performed frequently (i.e., multiple times per sec-
ond), a noticeable error will accumulate in the resulting energy
calculation over time.
The contents of the temperature register are signed (twos
complement) with a resolution of approximately 1 LSB/ ° C. The
the signal is sampled at a rate (frequency) that is many times
higher than the bandwidth of interest. For example, the sam-
pling rate in the ADE7759 is CLKIN/4 (894 kHz) and the band
of interest is 40 Hz to 2 kHz. Oversampling has the effect of
spreading the quantization noise (noise due to sampling) over a
wider bandwidth. With the noise spread more thinly over a
wider bandwidth, the quantization noise in the band of interest
is lowered—see Figure 20. However, oversampling alone is not
an efficient enough method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) in the band of interest. For example, an oversampling
ratio of 4 is required just to increase the SNR by only 6 dB (one
bit). To keep the oversampling ratio at a reasonable level, it is
possible to shape the quantization noise so that the majority of
the noise lies at the higher frequencies. This is what happens in
the sigma-delta modulator: the noise is shaped by the integrator,
which has a high-pass type response for the quantization noise.
The result is that most of the noise is at the higher frequencies,
where it can be removed by the digital low-pass filter. This noise
shaping is also shown in Figure 20.
temperature register will produce a code of 00h when the ambient
temperature is approximately 70 ° C. The temperature mea-
surement is uncalibrated in the ADE7759 and has an offset
tolerance that could be as high as ± 20 ° C.
SIGNAL
DIGITAL
FILTER
ANTIALIAS
FILTER (RC)
SHAPED
NOISE
SAMPLING
FREQUENCY
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
The analog-to-digital conversion in the ADE7759 is carried out
NOISE
using two second-order sigma-delta ADCs. The block diagram in
0
2
447
894
Figure 19 shows a first-order (for simplicity) sigma-delta ADC.
The converter is made up of two parts, first the sigma-delta modu-
FREQUENCY – kHz
lator and second the digital low-pass filter.
A sigma-delta modulator converts the input signal into a con-
tinuous serial stream of 1s and 0s at a rate determined by the
sampling clock. In the ADE7759, the sampling clock is equal to
CLKIN/4. The 1-bit DAC in the feedback loop is driven by the
SIGNAL
NOISE
HIGH RESOLUTION
OUTPUT FROM DIGITAL
LPF
serial data stream. The DAC output is subtracted from the input
signal. If the loop gain is high enough, the average value of the
0
2
447
FREQUENCY – kHz
894
DAC output (and therefore the bit stream) will approach that
of the input signal level. For any given input value in a single
sampling interval, the data from the 1-bit ADC is virtually
meaningless. Only when a large number of samples are averaged
will a meaningful result be obtained. This averaging is carried
out in the second part of the ADC, the digital low-pass filter. By
averaging a large number of bits from the modulator, the low-
pass filter can produce 20-bit datawords that are proportional to
the input signal level.
Figure 20. Noise Reduction Due to Oversampling
and Noise Shaping in the Analog Modulator
Antialias Filter
Figure 19 also shows an analog low-pass filter (RC) on the input
to the modulator. This filter is present to prevent aliasing.
Aliasing is an artifact of all sampled systems. Basically, it means
that frequency components in the input signal to the ADC that
are higher than half the sampling rate of the ADC will appear in
the sampled signal at a frequency below half the sampling rate.
COMPARATOR
ANALOG
LOW-PASS FILTER
R
C
+
–
∫
V REF
MCLK/4
LATCHED
+
–
1
DIGITAL
LOW-PASS
FILTER
20
Figure 21 illustrates the effect. Frequency components above
half the sampling frequency (also known as the Nyquist frequency,
i.e., 447 kHz) get imaged or folded back down below 447 kHz.
This will happen with all ADCs regardless of the architecture.
In the example shown, it can be seen that only frequencies near
the sampling frequency (894 kHz) will move into the band of
interest for metering, i.e., 40 Hz–2 kHz. This allows us to use a
.....10100101.....
1-BIT DAC
Figure 19. First Order Sigma-Delta ( Σ - ? ) ADC
The sigma-delta converter uses two techniques to achieve high
resolution from what is essentially a one-bit conversion tech-
nique. The first is oversampling. By oversampling we mean that
very simple LPF (low-pass filter) to attenuate these high fre-
quencies (near 900 kHz) and to prevent distortion in the band
of interest. For a conventional current sensor, a simple RC filter
(single pole) with a corner frequency of 10 kHz will produce an
attenuation of approximately 40 dB at 894 kHz—see Figure 20.
The 20 dB per decade attenuation is usually sufficient to elimi-
nate the effects of aliasing for a conventional current sensor.
–16 –
REV. A
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